Thermonuclear fusion in the laboratory is a scientific grand challenge, a highly compelling problem because the fusion reactions can self-heat the fuel and continue the burn. Predominantly approaches use the fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei, which generates 17.6 MeV of energy released in a neutron and alpha particle. The alpha particle which carries
1/5 of the energy can heat the...
Optimization of the timing resolution in the scintillation light readout has been one of the most important challenges in the SiPM field since the beginning of their development. Several sensor parameters contribute to the timing performance achieved in the application. The latest iteration of the NUV-HD SiPM technology developed at FBK feature Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) in excess of...
Radiation damage mechanisms in depleted sensors with intrinsic gain (LGADs) are probed via electrical characterization, timing measurements and accceptor removal estimation. An analytical model is developed to prove gain vs field coefficients in proton and neutron irradiated sensors up to 6e15 $n_{eq}/cm^{2}$ with an emphasis on the gain layer geometry. The breakdown, efficiency and stability...
LCLS II HE will deliver x-ray pulses at a rate approaching a megahertz and will be the brightest x-ray source ever. A program is underway to develop detectors that can record images as fast as the accelerator generates them. An incremental approach is being pursued with multiple systems intended to cover the science relevant portions of the performance parameter space in metrics such as...
The ESRF Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS) is the world's first fourth generation
synchrotron radiation source. Latest generation x-ray sources like the EBS impose increasing demands on sensors and readout electronics. Apart from fast signal processing and high spatial resolution, detectors used at such facilities have to handle a broad dynamic range with fluxes of up to billions of photons...
The quality of dynamic, nanosecond-scale imaging of micro-voids in ablator materials subjected to laser-driven shock compression is currently limited by low temporal resolution, which is crucial in determining factors that prevent ignition in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. At the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), we...
The proposed Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will operate high-luminosity high-energy electron+proton and electron+nucleus collisions at the collision energies from 20 to 141 GeV to solve several fundamental questions in the high energy and nuclear physics fields. Its instant luminosity can reach $10^{33-34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$ and the bunching crossing rate is around 10 ns. The EIC project has...
In the last few years, Low Gain Avalanche diodes (LGAD) obtained growing attention as radiation sensors due to some important advantages: larger internal signal, potentially higher signal-to-noise ratio, better time resolution, and higher radiation hardness with respect to standard p-i-n sensors. They are currently considered state-of-the-art silicon detectors for timing application in HEP...
Ultrafast molecular gas phase diffraction is a vital tool for retrieving time dependent molecular structures. We are limited in the systems we can study as we generally require complex molecular dynamics simulations to interpret the results. We develop an alternative analysis to approximate the molecular geometry distribution $|\Psi(\mathbf{r}, t)|^2$ that does not require such complex...
Dynamic polymer networks (DPNs) are quickly emerging as attractive materials for future applications due to their robustness, flexibility, and reconfigurable characteristics. Reversible bonding and de-bonding in DPNs can be leveraged broadly for performance advantages, and also give rise to the stress relaxation phenomenon that can be measured experimentally. The goal of this study is to...
We first describe the development of a fast readout system of an LGAD detector using the waveform technique. We use this detector to measure the type of particles and their energy in cosmic ray measurements in space in collaboration with NASA. We will show the results of the simulation of the detectors as well as the first tests performed before the launch foreseen by the end of the year. We...
X-ray photon sources continue their exponential improvement in source brilliance.
X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) have revolutionized the field of X-ray photon science. For instance, with their intense and ultra-short X-ray pulses, they opened up the field of time-resolved experiments down to the femtosecond. Another area is the study of materials under extreme conditions. So far, FELs...
The DSSC camera was developed for photon science applications in the energy range 0.25-6 keV at the European XFEL in Germany. The first 1-Megapixel DSSC camera is available and is successfully used for scientific experiments at the “Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering” and the “Small Quantum System” instruments. The detector is currently the fastest existing 2D camera for soft X-rays.
The...
Nanosecond scale, burst mode hCMOS imagers developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) have provided revolutionary insight and data to a limited few research facilities. As these High Energy Density Physics research facilities typically operate on a shot-per-hour to shot-per-day timescale, little effort has been devoted to fast replication-rate circuitry for hCMOS image sensors. Advanced...
High-Z compound semiconductors aim to replace silicon as sensor material for X-ray energies above 15 keV thanks to their superior absorption efficiency. However, compared to silicon, high-Z sensors still lack in several aspects such as homogeneity, charge transport properties, charge trapping (leading to polarization and afterglow effects), long ranged fluorescence photons, and others.
The...
Recent developments in the accelerator technologies for large storage rings and novel X-ray optics enabled the delivery of 100-1000 times brighter X-rays onto the sample. X-ray imaging detectors are required to improve their performance to take the potential of these new sources fully. At the SPring-8 facility, we started the development of the X-ray imaging detector CITIUS for such purposes....
We update our sub-picosecond timing studies[1,2], which used a straw-man pixel detector (TIMEMPIX) in which timing information was used to substitute for micron spatial resolution, significantly reducing channel count and data volume. That study considered the 130nm CMOS technology node and we update and contrast the performance and power parameters in the 65nm CMOS technology...
Major advances in silicon pixel detectors, with outstanding timing performance, have recently attracted significant attention in the community. In this work, we present and discuss the use of state-of-the-art Geiger-mode APDs, also known as single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), for the detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) and optical photons with best-in-class timing resolution....
Novel detector structures are proposed regularly, mixing old and new ideas, with resistive detectors widening the landscape of possible configurations. In this talk, a universal way of calculating the signals induced in structures with resistive elements is presented. This is done by applying an extended form of the Ramo-Shockley theorem to several different detector configurations using...
Advances in MicroPattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) technologies and readout devices allow significant improvements of timing resolution as well as novel imaging approaches. This contribution will focus on PICOSEC Micromegas achieving tens of ps timing precision as well as new developments in the optical readout of gaseous detectors taking advantage of state-of-the-art imaging sensors and fast...
Microchannel plate (MCP) based photomultiplier tubes (MCP-PMT) provide state-of-the-art timing performance for both analog and single photon detection in many fields such as plasma diagnostics, high energy physics, and Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography. While intrinsic properties and limitations of these devices as used in analog mode have been well studied, detailed studies of...
Liquid microjets have found industrial, commercial, and technological applications such as machining, cooling, printing, and additive manufacturing. In internal combustion engines, high-pressure liquid-fuel injection plays the most crucial role in the energy conversion process to improve combustion efficiency and emission. Despite the importance, the liquid-jet dynamics have not been fully...
The advent of x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) has enabled us to peer into dynamic extreme conditions with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. Imaging with these sources has enabled movies of femtosecond to nanosecond dynamics in plasma, planetary and shock physics. Additionally, the high spatial and temporal coherence of XFELs can enable reconstruction of areal densities of the...
Nozzle geometry features directly impact the nozzle internal flow which significantly affects the spray atomization, as well as in-cylinder combustion and fuel economy. In this study, the nozzle internal transient flow was visualized through X-ray phase-contrast imaging technology. The experimental results indicated that the sac-orifice relative positions and the structural asymmetry of the...
Gotthard-II (G-II) is a silicon microstrip hybrid detector developed by Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) within the framework of a collaboration agreement with the European XFEL (EuXFEL).
The G-II ASIC features a dynamic gain switching (DGS) architecture to cope with the requirements of the single photon sensitivity as well as the large dynamic range at the EuXFEL. In addition, it includes a...
The design of a billion-pixel X-ray camera (BiPC-X) is based on the tiling of several CMOS sensors, each having a few million pixels. Both direct low-energy (< 10 keV) and indirect higher energy detection (> 20 keV) are possible, where the camera can achieve frame rates of 1 MHz and possibly higher depending on the settings [1].
With an image size of a billion pixels, the camera generates a...
Authors: S. Lin1,2; W. Li1; T. Bailey3; J. K. S. Baldwin1; M. Blatnik4; N. B. Callahan5; J. H. Choi3,6; S. M. Clayton1; C. Cude-Woods1,3,6; S. A. Currie1; M. Dawid7,8; B. W. Filippone4; W. Fox7,8; E. M. Fries4; P. Geltenbort9;...
A high degree of segmentation in pixel detectors is needed for recording trajectories of charged particles or impacts of X-ray photons with high spatial resolution. The desired granularity imposes severe constraints for the in-pixel processing circuits, signal readout, and power budget. Therefore, most of nowadays high-spatial resolution pixel detectors are limited to detection of deposited...
The HEXITEC$_{MHz}$ detector system is the latest generation of the STFC’s HEXITEC spectroscopic X-ray imaging detector systems. When coupled to Cd(Zn)Te sensor material the original HEXITEC system was capable of delivering high resolution X-ray spectroscopy (50 electrons RMS) per 250 $\mu$m pitch pixel for hard X-rays with energies 2 - 200 keV. The major limitation of this technology is that...
FELs deliver rapid pulses on the femtosecond scale, and high peak intensities that fluctuate strongly on a pulse-to-pulse basis. The fast drift velocity and high radiation tolerance properties of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamonds make these crystals a good candidate material for developing a high frame rate pass-through diagnostic for the next generation of XFELs. We report on two...
We describe the design and measurement results of the “UDC” - Ultrafast Pixel Array Camera Digitizer Chip. UDC is a 16-channel waveform digitizing microchip with large buffer length (4096 samples per channel) and high timing performance (10Gsps sampling, <10ps resolution), suitable for applications such as High-Energy Density Plasma Diagnostics. It is designed to work with a variety of fast...
A novel design of the Depleted P-Channel Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET) with non-linear response is at the heart of the 1 Mpixel DSSC camera (DEPFET Sensor with Signal Compression) currently being developed for ultra-fast imaging of soft X-rays at the European XFEL. The simultaneous requirement of single-photon detection down to 0.5 keV and dynamic range up to 104 photons/pixel/pulse is here...
This presentation will present the opportunities offered by nanophotonics to improve the performance of detectors including results obtained from the ATTRACT-Photoquant project [1] that aimed at demonstrating that recent nanophotonics innovations such as metalenses and more generally metamaterials could allow a breakthrough in single-photon time resolution. Silicon photomultipliers are...
The Timepix hybrid pixel detector readout chips aim at particle detection and imaging with on-pixel time tagging. Timepix4 is the most recent member of the Timepix family. It can be connected to a sensor with a matrix of 448 x 512 square pixels with a pitch of 55um. Hits are time tagged to within a bin of 200ps. The chip can handle a maximum incoming flux of hits of 3.6 MHz/mm2/s in...
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is undergoing an extensive Phase 2 upgrade program to prepare for the challenging conditions of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A new timing detector in CMS will measure minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) with a time resolution of ~30-40 ps for MIP signals at a rate of 2.5 Mhit/s per channel at the beginning of...
New materials will define tomorrow’s technologies. They are part of a materials multiverse where every crystal provides a unique framework to define a new state of matter – some more exotic than others. Notions of topology have provided a new paradigm for understanding some of these new phases of matter and have exciting physical consequences, such as protected surface states and magnetic...
Dielectric-loaded waveguide detectors that measure microwave Cherenkov signals can be used to time and characterize high energy particle showers. Beam test results have been used to validate models and produce high-fidelity simulations of timing plane systems which yield picosecond time tags and millimeter spatial coordinates for shower centroids. These timing planes, based on the Askaryan...
The temporal resolution limit of silicon image sensors is 11.1 ps as we proved. We defined the super temporal resolution (STR) as the resolution less than this limit, since most image sensors are silicon-based [1]. To achieve the STR, mixing effects along the travel route of signal electrons in a pixel, elongating the temporal resolution, are separately analyzed and the countermeasures are...
We developed an x-ray optics solution, called x-ray tomographic-delay-line (XTEL), for studying pico- to nanosecond dynamics of mesoscale materials processes at existing x-ray light sources. This optic lays the groundwork for taking snapshot movies of materials processes with selectable delay times, as well as single-pulse 3D images of materials by recording multiple views simultaneously from...
Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) have recently been used as building blocks of charged particles tracking and vertexing detectors because they offer lower material budget, higher granularity as well as a simpler assembly procedure and lower cost compared to the traditional wide spread hybrid technology.
The interest towards monolithic silicon sensors offering both excellent timing...
This work presents results on the Analog Pixel Test Structure (APTS), a 4 x 4 pixel matrix prototype equipped with fast individual OPAMP-based buffering of analog pixel signals to output pads for exploration of pixel timing performance. The work was framed in the ALICE ITS3 upgrade and the CERN-EP R&D on monolithic sensors to explore the TPSCo 65-nm imaging technology. This upgrade will...
Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) has been widely used to probe the intricate structure of biomolecules and proteins. Owing to its conceptual simplicity, the technique has also been applied to study the cluster formation in nanoparticles and supercritical fluids (SCF). However, due to the complex thermodynamic state space often encountered in SCF, the effective exploration and identification...
A complex system is usually reflected in several aspects, such as multiple chemical components, entangled spatial structure, aeolotropic relative motion between components, chemical reactions, etc. Extracting the spatial-temporal evolution process of the target component in such a complex system puts forward higher requirements on the spatial resolution, temporal resolution, imaging depth and...
Future collider experiments operating at very high instantaneous luminosity will greatly benefit in using detectors with excellent time resolution to facilitate event reconstruction. For the LHCb Upgrade2, when the experiment will operate at 1.5x1034/cm/s, 2000 tracks from 40 pp interactions will cross the vertex detector (VELO) at each bunch crossing. To properly reconstruct primary vertices...
